Để nhấn mạnh một ý trong câu, phép đảo ngữ là một công cụ hữu hiệu. Thông thường, chúng ta đưa một trạng từ hoặc cụm trạng ngữ lên đầu câu, đồng thời đảo trợ động từ hoặc động từ khiếm khuyết lên trước chủ ngữ, hoặc thêm trợ động từ “DO/DOES” (hiện tại) hoặc “DID” (quá khứ).
V + S + V + O
Cấu trúc câu nhấn mạnh thường bắt đầu bằng: Only, Only by, Never, Until, Not until, Not only, No sooner, In no circumstances, in no where else, No longer, Only when…
Ví dụ: We can never live without air and water. => Never can we live without air and water. (Không bao giờ chúng ta có thể sống được nếu không có không khí và nước). She never eats out => Never does she eat out.
Đảo ngữ trong câu điều kiện:
1. Câu điều kiện loại 1
a) Sử dụng “should” thay hiện tại không xác định, diễn tả khả năng xảy ra ít hơn. Đảo “should” lên đầu câu thay “If”.
Ví dụ: If it should rain tonight, I will stay at home => Should it rain tonight, I will stay at home.
b) Sử dụng thời hiện tại hoàn thành. Lấy “should” thay “If”, giữ nguyên thể hoàn thành với “have done” ở tất cả các ngôi.
Ví dụ: If she has finished the work, she can go home => Should she have finished the work, she can go home.
2. Câu điều kiện loại 2
a) Mệnh đề điều kiện loại 2 có động từ “tobe” ở số nhiều “were”. Dùng “were” thay “if”.
Ví dụ: If I were you, I would love him => Were I you, I would love him.
b) Mẫu câu điều kiện loại 2 đặc biệt (nếu không phải vì…). Bỏ “not” khỏi “were” sau đó đảo lên đầu câu thay “if”.
Ví dụ: If it weren’t for your progress, I wouldn’t be here => Were it not for your progress, I wouldn’t be here.
c) Mẫu câu điều kiện loại 3 đặc biệt: If + S + were + to do. Thay động từ ở quá khứ của mệnh đề điều kiện loại 2. Ví dụ: If I were to speak… Với mẫu câu này, đảo “were” lên đầu câu thay “If”.
3. Câu điều kiện loại 3
a) Dùng “Had” đảo lên đầu câu thay “If”.
Ví dụ: If she had worked harder last year, she wouldn’t have failed the exam => Had she worked harder last year, she wouldn’t have failed the exam.
b) Câu điều kiện loại 3 đặc biệt đi với đại từ “it” đầu câu: If it hadn’t been for + N (Nếu không phải vì…). Tách “had” ra khỏi “not”, đảo lên đầu câu thay “If”.
Ví dụ: If it hadn’t been for hot weather, we would have had a wonderful holiday => Had it not been for hot weather, we would have had a wonderful holiday.
c) Mệnh đề điều kiện loại 3 đặc biệt có sử dụng “were to have done” thay quá khứ hoàn thành. Ví dụ: If she had driven carefully, she wouldn’t have cause the accident => If she were to have driven carefully, she wouldn’t have cause the accident. Đảo “were” lên đầu câu thay “If” => Were she to have driven carefully…
Đảo ngữ với So…that… / Such…that…
1. So + adj: Trong mẫu câu trạng từ chỉ kết quả.
Ví dụ: She is so rich that she can buy what she likes => So rich is she that she can buy what she likes.
2. So + adv that…: Mệnh đề trạng ngữ kết quả sau trạng từ. Đảo “so + adv” lên đầu câu.
Ví dụ: He worked so hard in the past that he is now weak => So hard did he work in the past that he is now weak.
3. Câu có sử dụng “such” thường gặp các dạng:
a) Trong câu có dùng “so great, so much”, biến đổi “so great, so much” => “such”, đảo lên đầu câu để nhấn mạnh.
Ví dụ: The question was so great that he had to think it over => Such was the question that he had to think it over.
b) Trong câu có dùng “such”: S + tobe + such + that + mệnh đề. Đảo “such” lên đầu câu để nhấn mạnh.
Ví dụ: She is so poor that she can’t go to school. Her poverty is such that… => Such is her poverty that…
Các cấu trúc đảo ngữ khác:
1. Never
Ví dụ: I never come to work late => Never do I come to work late.
2. At no time = never
Ví dụ: They never suspected him of being a spy => At no time did they suspect him of being a spy.
3. Seldom, rarely, scarcely
Ví dụ: Rarely has Big Ben gone wrong.
I remember very few thing about my early childhood => Scarcely do I remember things about my early childhood.
4. Only by + Ving, Aux + SV
Ví dụ: You can’t succeed unless you try hard => Only by trying hard can you succeed.
5. Only with + Noun, Aux + SV
Ví dụ: The bank lent him some money, which enabled him to buy a car => Only with the bank’s money could he buy a car.
6. Only after + Noun, Aux + SV
Ví dụ: He only realized what his father meant to him after his death => Only after his father’s death did he realize what he meant.
7. Only when/after SV, Aux + SV
Ví dụ: I only recognized who he was when he called hi name => Only when he called his name, did I recognize who he was.
8. On no account Aux + SV: không vì bất cứ lí do gì
Ví dụ: You should never come to work late => On no account should you come to work late.
9. Not until: mãi đến tận
a. Not until + Noun, Aux + SV
Ví dụ: Man didn’t fly into space until the early 1960s => Not until the early 1960s did man fly into space.
b. Not until + SV, Aux + SV
Ví dụ: They continued to feel unsafe until they got home => Not until they got home did they feel safe.
10. Little Aux + SV
Ví dụ: I don’t know much about astronomy => Little do I know about astronomy.
11. Hardly Aux + SV: hầu như không
Ví dụ: They hardly had arguments => Hardly did they have arguments.
- Hardly anyone wears a hat nowadays.
Hardly anything is worth buying.
12. In/Under no circumstances Aux + SV: dù trong bất cứ hoàn cảnh nào (không dùng phủ định trong mệnh đề sau)
Ví dụ: Under no circumstances must you betray your country.
13. Hardly had S done when S did: vừa mới… thì đã
No sooner had S done than S did: chưa kịp… thì đã
Ví dụ:
- He had just gone out when his friend called => Hardly had he gone out when his friend called.
- The doorbell rang the moment she lay down => No sooner had she lain down than the door bell rang.
14. No longer Aux + SV
Ví dụ: They no longer keep in touch with each other => No longer do they keep in touch with each other.
15. So/Such + adj/adv Aux + SV
Ví dụ:
- He became so suspicious that he didn’t let anyone in => So suspicious did he become that he didn’t let anyone in.
- He was such a fast speaker that it was difficult for us to follow him => Such was he a fast speaker that it was difficult for us to follow him / So fast did he speak that that it was difficult for us to follow him.
16. Not only Aux + SV, but S also V
Ví dụ: They robbed him. They beat him => Not only did they rob him, but they also beat him.
17. Nor Aux + SV: cũng thế
Ví dụ: She couldn’t speak Italian nor could she speak Spanish.
18. Neither and so
- A: “I am not into hip hop.” B: “Neither am I.” (Or: “Nor am I.”)
- A: “I am fond of flamenco dancing.” B: “So am I.”
19. Conditionals with inversions
- Should SV, SV; – Were SC, SV
- Had S done, S would have done
Ví dụ:
- Should you meet him in Ha noi, give him my regards.
- Were I you, I would try again.
- Were they to escape, they would be arrested again.
- Had he kept calm, he would have succeeded.
20. Here/ There ở đầu câu:
Ví dụ: There is a letter for you on the desk.
Here is your pen.
21. Here/ There trong câu cảm
Ví dụ: There goes the bus!
Here comes George!
22. Inversions after adjectives
Ví dụ: Blessed are the children who are still unaware of what the future holds. Gone are the days when I could have been happy
23. Under/in/out/above V+S
Ví dụ: The dog lay under the chair → Under the chair lay the dog
24. Inversions with “as”.
Ví dụ: Elisabeth was too shy to dance, as was Gerald.
She decided to leave early, as did Gerald.
Bài học về đảo ngữ giúp ta diễn đạt ý một cách nhấn mạnh và trang trọng hơn. Tuy nhiên, việc lạm dụng hoặc sử dụng sai ngữ cảnh có thể khiến câu văn trở nên gượng gạo và khó hiểu.
Alt: Phòng khách ấm cúng với đồ cổ được trưng bày, tạo điểm nhấn nghệ thuật và sang trọng cho không gian sống
Điều này đặc biệt quan trọng trong lĩnh vực đồ cổ, nơi mà giá trị và tính xác thực của mỗi món đồ thường rất khó xác định. Một phán đoán sai lầm có thể dẫn đến những tổn thất tài chính đáng kể, thậm chí là mất uy tín trong giới sưu tầm.
EXERCISES:
I. Rewrite each sentences so that it contains the word or words in capitals, and so that the meaning stay the same.
- Were Smith to resign, I might stand a chance of getting his job. IF
……………………………………………………………………………
b. Such was the demand for the tickets that people queued day and night. GREAT
………………………………………………………………………………
c. The money is not to be paid under no circumstances. NO
………………………………………………………………………………
d. Three days passed before we arrived at the first oasis. NOT UNTIL
………………………………………………………………………………
e. Hardly had the ship left port, than a violent storm developed. SOON AFTER
………………………………………………………………………………..
f. They would have discovered land sooner had they carried a compass IF
………………………………………………………………………………..
g. Little did Brenda know what she was letting herself in for. IDEA
………………………………………………………………………………
h. It was only when I stopped that I realized something was wrong DID I
………………………………………………………………………………
i. The accused never expressed regret for what he had done. AT NO TIME
………………………………………………………………………………
j. So exhausted were the runners that none of them finished the race. TOO.
………………………………………………………………………………
II. Rewrite each sentences so that it contains the word or words in capitals, and so that the meaning stay the same
- If Smith were to resign , I might stand a chance of getting his job.
- The demand for tickets was so great that people queued night and day.
- Under no circumstances is the money to be paid.
- Not until three days had passed did we arrived at the first oasis/ It was not until three days later that we arrived at the first oasis.
- Soon after the ship left port , a violent storm developed.
- If they had carried a compass they would have discovered the land sooner.
- Brenda had no idea what she was letting herself in for.
- Only when I stopped did I realize that something was wrong.
- At no time did the accused express regret for what he has done.
- The runners were too exhausted to finish the race.
EXERCISES
I. Choose the most suitable words underlined.
- Jim promised that he would never/ never would he tell anyone else.
- Not until it was too late I remembered / did I remember I call Susan.
- Hardly had we settle down in our seats than/when the lights went out.
- Only after checking three times I was/was I certain of the answer.
- At no time I was aware/was I aware of anything out of usual.
- Only Mary sang Sally passed/ did they pass the final examination.
- So the waves were high/ So high were the waves that swimming was dangerous.
- Only when Peter has arrived / has Peter arrived can we begin the program.
- No sooner had it stopped raining than/when the sun came out.
- If should you leave early/ should you leave early could you leave me a lift?
II. Rewrite these sentences, using NEVER.
- She has never been so happy before.
……………………………………………………………………………………
- I have never heard such nonsense!
……………………………………………………………………………………
- I have never seen such a mess in my life.
……………………………………………………………………………………
- Our profits this year are higher than they have ever been.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
- The firm has never before laid on such a sumptuous celebration.
……………………………………………………………………………………
- I’ve never come across such a horrifying film.
……………………………………………………………………………………
- I have never been so moved by a Shakespeare production.
……………………………………………………………………………………
- I never for one moment thought the consequences would be so far- reaching.
……………………………………………………………………………………
- I had never tasted such a wonderful combination of flavors before.
……………………………………………………………………………………
III. Rewrite these sentences, using RARELY, SELDOM or LITTLE.
- One rarely find good service these days.……………………………………………………………………………………
- She has rarely traveled more than fifty miles from her village.……………………………………………………………………………………
- It is very unusual for a military campaign to have been fought with so little loss of life.……………………………………………………………………………………
- It is unusual for the interior of the island to be visited by tourists.……………………………………………………………………………………
- Public borrowing has seldom been so high.……………………………………………………………………………………
- They had seldom participated in such a fascinating ceremony.……………………………………………………………………………………
- They little suspected that the musical was going to be a runaway success.……………………………………………………………………………………
- The embassy staff little realized that Ted was a secret agent.……………………………………………………………………………………
- She didn’t realized what would happen to her next.……………………………………………………………………………………
- I didn’t think that one day I’d be appearing in films rather then just watching them.
……………………………………………………………………………………
IV. Rewrite these sentences, using IN, AT , UNDER, or ON.
- Keith certainly can’t be held responsible for the accident.
……………………………………………………………………………………
- The children themselves are not in any way to blame for the disaster.
…………………………………………………………………………………
3.The existence of extraterrestrial is not confirmed by the report.
………………………………………………………………………………………
- I was never shown how to operate the machinery.
……………………………………………………………………………………
- He never suspected that she was a witch.
……………………………………………………………………………………
- There has never been a time when the English language was not in a state of change.
……………………………………………………………………………………
- Miss Weaver will not be offered the job under any circumstances.
……………………………………………………………………………………
- You should not send money to us by post under any circumstances.
……………………………………………………………………………………
9.We can’t exchange tickets in any circumstances.
……………………………………………………………………………………
10.I won’t go out that way to visit him again on my account!
……………………………………………………………………………………
KEYS
I. Choose the most suitable words underlined.
- he would never 6. passed
- did I remember 7. so high were the waves
- when 8. Peter has arrived
- was I 9. than
- was I aware 10. should you leave early
II. Rewrite these sentences, using NEVER.
- Never before had she been so happy.
- Never have I heard such nonsense!
- Never in my life have I seen such a mess.
- Never have our profits been higher than/ as higher as they are this year.
- Never again would she trust her own judgment when buying antique.
- Never before had the firm laid on such a sumptuous celebration.
- Never have I come across such a horrifying film.
- Never have I been so moved by a Shakespeare production.
- Never for one moment did I think the consequences would be so far reaching.
- Never before had I tasted such a wonderful combination of flavours.
III. Rewrite these sentences, using IN, AT, UNDER, or ON
- In no way can Keith be held responsible for the accident.
- In no way are the children themselves to blame for the disaster.
- In no way is the existence of extraterrestrial life confirmed by the report.
- At no time was I shown how to operate the machine.
- At no time did he suspect that he was a witch.
- At no time has the English language not been in a state of change.
- Under no circumstance will Miss Weaver be offered the job.
- Under no circumstance should you send money to us by post.
- Under no circumstance can we exchange tickets.
- On any account will I go all that way to visit him again.
IV. Rewrite these sentences, using inversion with NOT
- Not only is he your friend, but he’s mine too.
- Not only did he book tickets for the afternoon performance but he also booked for the evening performance as well.
- Not only did the burglars steal a thousand pounds’ worth of electrical goods, they also left the flat in an awful mess.
- Not only was Tom late, but he had left all his books behind.
- Not only will you enhance your posture but you will (also) improve your acting ability (as well) on this course.
- Not for one moment is it worth considering his suggestion /is his suggestion worth considering.
- Not a tear did she shed when the story ended in tragedy.
- Not once did the manager offer is an apology.
- Not a sound did she make as she crept upstairs.
- Not until he retired did he think about having a holiday abroad.
Bài học này cho thấy sự cần thiết của việc trang bị kiến thức chuyên sâu, tham khảo ý kiến chuyên gia và giữ một cái đầu lạnh khi tham gia vào thị trường đồ cổ đầy rủi ro.
Alt: Biểu cảm thất vọng của người phụ nữ khi phát hiện món đồ trang sức cổ mình mua là hàng giả, một bài học đau đớn về sự cẩn trọng trong việc mua bán đồ cổ.
